علل سیاهی رنگ لثه ها:
۱-ملانین
بدن به صورت طبیعی ملانین تولید می کند. ملانین ماده ای است که به پوست، مو و چشمها رنگ می بخشد. هر چه ملانین بیشتری داشته باشید، مو، پوست یا چشمهایتان تیره تر خواهند بود.
رنگ قهوه ای تیره یا سیاه لثه ها نیز میتواند به دلیل زیاد بودن ملانین در بدن باشد. اگر لثه فردی همیشه بسیار تیره بوده است دلیلی برای نگرانی نیست.
اما اگر تغییر رنگ لثه ظرف مدت کوتاهی بروز کرده باشد یا اگر لکه های سیاه روی لثه ایجاد شده باشد احتمالا ارتباطی با ملانین ندارد و نشان دهنده مشکلی است که باید بررسی شود.
۲-سیگار و دخانیات
باعث تغیی رنگ لثه می شود. به این وضعیت، ملانوز سیگاری ها می گویند. سلولهای اختصاص یافته ای در بدن وجود دارند به نام ملانوسیت که ملانین تولید می کنند. نیکوتین موجود در تنباکو باعث می شود ملانوسیت ها ملانین بیشتر از حد معمول تولید نمایند.
در این حالت لثه قهوه ای یا سیاه می شود. تغییر رنگ ناشی از ملانوز، ممکن است به صورت لکه ای باشد و یا تمامی دهان را در بر بگیرد. سطح داخلی گونه ها یا لب پایینی نیز ممکن است تغییر رنگ پیدا کنند.
تحقیقات بین ترک سیگار و کاهش تیرگی لثه ارتباط یافته اند. این نشان می دهد لکه های تیره لثه ناشی از سیگار ممکن است قابل برگشت باشد.
۳- دارو
ماینوسایکلین (مینوسیکلین) دارویی است که برای درمان جوش و آکنه و برخی انواع عفونتها مانند کلامیدیا مورد استفاده قرار می گیرد. یک عارضه جانبی نامتداول این دارو، تغییر رنگ است که گاهی اوقات در دهان اتفاق می افتد.
در صورتی که دارو باعث تیرگی لثه تان شده است با پزشک در مورد تعویض دارو صحبت کنید.
۴- تتوی آمالگام
تتوی آمالگام (مواد پر کننده دندان که به رنگ نقره ای دیده می شود) در اطراف دندانی که پر شده است ممکن است ظاهر شود اگر چه در هر جایی از دهان ممکن است آن را ببینید. اثر یا تتوی آمالگام، به صورت یک لکه سیاه، آبی یا خاکستری در داخل دهان دیده می شود.
آمالگام ترکیبی از فلزات است که برای پر کردن دندانها به کار می رود. اگر ذرات این پر کننده دندان جدا شوند ممکن است در زیر پوست لثه نمایان شوند. برای این وضعیت نیازی به درمان نیست و هیچ خطری برای سلامتی ندارد.
۵- ژنژیویت زخمی نکروز دهنده حاد
ژنژیویت زخمی نکروز دهنده حاد یا دهان خندقی یک عفونت لثه است که باعث تب، درد لثه و بوی بد دهان می شود. عفونت لثه میتواند باعث تیرگی لثه شود چرا که یک لایه از بافتهای مرده در لثه جمع می شوند.
دهان خندقی حاصل رشد سریع باکتریها در دهان است که معمولا به دلیل عفونت لثه روی می دهد. باکتریها ممکن است به دلیل ضعیف بودن بهداشت دهان، استرس، کمبود خواب و یا رژیم غذایی ناسالم در دهان جمع شوند.
علائم اولیه ژنژیویت زخمی حاد شامل خونریزی لثه، بوی بد دهان، ترشح زیاد بزاق و احساس ناخوشی است. ممکن است در لثه اطراف دندانها زخمهایی ایجاد شود.
درمان این عفونت ساده است. دندانپزشک دهان را جرمگیری و تمیز می کند و آنتی بیوتیک برایتان تجویز می نماید.
شستشوی دهان با دهانشویه تجویز شده زیرا حفظ پاکیزگی لثه و دندانها از تکرار عفونت جلوگیری می کند.
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